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<title>XT/AT/PS2/Terminal to USB Converter with NKRO - Hardware</title>
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<h2>Hardware</h2>
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<div id="contentslist">
<ul>
<li><a href="#parts">Parts List</a></li>
<li><a href="#wiring">Wiring Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#connectors">Connectors</a></li>
<li><a href="#pullups">Pull-up resistors</a></li>
<li><a href="#leds">LEDs</a></li>
<li><a href="#aux_inputs">Auxiliary Key Inputs</a> <span class="versioninfo">v1.1+</span></li>
<li><a href="#conn_summary">Connection Summary for Teensy</a></li>
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<h3><a name="parts">Parts List</a></h3>
<hr>
<p>Essential items:</p>
<ul>
<li>Teensy, or similar AVR breakout board
<li>Connector to suit your keyboard
<li>Some wire
</ul>
<p>Optional items, as desired:</p>
<ul>
<li>3x LEDs
<li>3x Resistors for LEDs (value depends on the LEDs)
<li>2x 1k Resistors (for pull-ups)
<li>Box (optional, but recommended!)
</ul>
<p>You could, of course, mount the Teensy inside your keyboard and not even need a connector or a box!</p>
<p>See the <a href=firmware.html>firmware</a> section for details of supported AVR processors and breakout boards.</p>
<h3><a name="wiring">Wiring Info</a></h3>
<hr>
<p><table>
<tr><th>Connector</th><th>Breakout board</th></tr>
<tr><td>GND</td><td>GND</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vcc/+5V</td><td>VCC</td></tr>
<tr><td>Data</td><td>PD0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Clock</td><td>PD1</td></tr>
<tr><td>Keyboard Reset <span class="versioninfo">v1.1+</span></td><td>PB7</td></tr>
</table></p>
<p>See PJRC for <a href="http://www.pjrc.com/teensy/pinout.html">Teensy pinouts</a>, or the documentation that came with your chosen breakout board.</p>
<p>'Keyboard Reset' is only required for certain PC/XT-like keyboards, such as the Leading Edge DC-2014.</p>
<h3><a name="connectors">Connectors</a></h3>
<hr>
<p>I wired mine to a PS/2 socket, and then use adapters to connect the others.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.kbdbabel.org">kbdbabel</a> has masses of <a href="http://www.kbdbabel.org/conn/index.html">connector info</a>.
So much, that it can be hard to find the one you want!</p>
<p>So I've included the most common connectors used with this converter here.</p>
<p>Note that all the connectors are shown looking into the socket.<br><br></p>
<p><b>PC/XT</b> keyboards use a 5 pin, 180 degree, DIN connector. It is the same as the AT connector shown later, except
that pin 3 is defined as a reset signal...</p>
<p><img src="images/IBM_PC_keyboard_connector_180.png"/><br>
<i>(from the IBM PC Technical Reference Manual, with correction!)</i><br><br></p>
<p><b>Terminal</b> keyboards usually have a 5 pin, 270 degree, DIN connector...<br>
<img src="images/kbd_connector_ibm3179_318x_319x.png"/></p>
<p>...or sometimes this 8P5C connector...<br>
<img src="images/kbd_connector_ibmterm.png"/></p>
<p><b>PC</b>, <b>XT</b> and <b>AT</b> keyboards use the same 5 pin, 180 degree, DIN connector and pinout,
while PS/2 keyboards use a 6 pin mini-DIN connector...<br>
<img src="images/kbd_connector_ps2.png"/></p>
<h3><a name="pullups">Pull-up resistors</a></h3>
<hr>
<p>In nearly all cases, these resistors are not needed.</p>
<p>But, if the keyboard has a very long cable (3m+), I recommend adding two pull-up resistors of 1Kohm -
one between Clock and +5V, the other between Data and +5V.
These can really help to clean up a dirty signal
(see <a href="http://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=14290.msg296052#msg296052">here</a>).</p>
<h3><a name="leds">LEDs</a></h3>
<hr>
<p>Optionally, lock LEDs can be wired up. Useful if your keyboard doesn't have them!<br>
The outputs are active high (each pin puts out +5V when it wants to light the LED).<br>
A resistor is needed inline with each LED. (The value needed depends on the type of LED,
1Kohm is a good starting point for modern high-brightness types).</p>
<p>Here's an example circuit for hooking up an LED, taken from
<a href="http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/lesson3.html">ladyada.net</a>:<br>
<img src="images/LED_circuit.jpg"/><br>
They also have a more <a href="http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/LEDs.html">in-depth tutorial</a>.</p>
<br>
<p>The pins used differ between CPUs.</p>
<p>ATMEGA32U4 (Teensy 2.0) and ATMEGA16U4:</p>
<table>
<tr><th>LED</th><th>CPU Pin</th></tr>
<tr><td>CapsLock</td><td>PF5</td></tr>
<tr><td>NumLock</td><td>PF6</td></tr>
<tr><td>ScrollLock</td><td>PF7</td></tr>
</table>
<p>AT90USB1286 (Teensy++ 2.0) and AT90USB646:</p>
<table>
<tr><th>LED</th><th>CPU Pin</th></tr>
<tr><td>CapsLock</td><td>PD3</td></tr>
<tr><td>NumLock</td><td>PD4</td></tr>
<tr><td>ScrollLock</td><td>PD5</td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="aux_inputs">Auxiliary Key Inputs</a> <span class="versioninfo">v1.1+</span></h3>
<hr>
<p>Five inputs are provided for auxiliary keys, buttons, or footswitches, which generate codes that can be remapped in your config:</p>
<table>
<tr><th>Auxiliary Key</th><th>Code</th><th>CPU Pin</th></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td>AUX1</td><td>PB0</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>AUX2</td><td>PB1</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>AUX3</td><td>PB2</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>AUX4</td><td>PB3</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>AUX5</td><td>PB4</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Inputs cause key presses when grounded, so you can simply connect the switch between the pin and ground:</p>
<p><img src="images/aux_switch.png"></p>
<p>Inputs have the internal pull-up enabled, so an external resistor won't be required in most cases. But
it might be necessary to use one, for example with footswitches where the wires are long. Here's how
you would wire one up:<p>
<p><img src="images/aux_switch_with_pullup.png"></p>
<h3><a name="conn_summary">Connection Summary for Teensy</a></h3>
<hr>
<p>The GND and Vcc pins at the end of the Teensy can be used instead of the marked GND and Vcc, if you prefer.
Or you might choose to wire the connector to one GND and the LEDs using the other.</p>
<p>Of course, not all connections are required! The minimum, and still fairly typical, setup would be to connect
just Ground, +5V, Data and Clock to the connector (or keyboard).</p>
<h4>Teensy 2.0</h4>
<p><img src="images/connections_teensy2.png"></p
<h4>Teensy++ 2.0</h4>
<p><img src="images/connections_teensy++2.png"></p>
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